Puerto Rico’s allure to investors lies in its strategic location, tax incentives, and skilled workforce. The island’s unique blend of business advantages and tropical charm makes it an attractive investment destination. However, accounting and taxation in Puerto Rico can be complicated; certain businesses and individuals in the U.S. territory must pay U.S. federal income taxes.
In 2012, the system of accounting and taxation in Puerto Rico added incentives – commonly referred to as Act 20 and Act 22 – to attract more companies to the island. Companies that sell goods or services overseas and qualify for the Act 20 incentive need only pay a 4-percent flat tax on income generated outside the island.
Most of the incentives related to accounting and taxation in Puerto Rico require an individual, company, or investor to be a bona-fide resident of the U.S. island territory for at least six months in a calendar year. If you incorporate a company in Puerto Rico, you will likely be able to take advantage of its various schemes and Biz Latin Hub can help you through the process.
How to become a resident to benefit from accounting and taxation in Puerto Rico?
It’s not easy to become a resident of Puerto Rico. It is usually Americans who move to the island to avoid paying U.S. taxes, but one must meet several criteria and pass numerous ‘tests’ to qualify for residency:
- A physical presence on the island – You must be in Puerto Rico at least 183 days a year to qualify to become a resident.
- The ‘closer-connection’ test – You can’t become a bona-fide resident of Puerto Rico for tax purposes if you have a “closer connection” to the U.S. or another jurisdiction. But in essence, you need to prove to Puerto Rican authorities that you conduct most of your business from the island itself.
- The ‘tax home’ test – Another requirement for Puerto Rican residency is that you do not have a tax home outside of Puerto Rico during any part of the tax year. With accounting and taxation in Puerto Rico, your tax home is where you live and conduct business regularly, regardless of where you reside.
- Not all types of income qualify for tax exemptions – Only Puerto Rican-sourced income is exempt from U.S. taxes. But certain types of income will be tax exempt, while others are subject to Puerto Rican income taxes, ranging from anywhere between 13 and 33 percent.
Many analysts talk about “good” and “bad” types of income, the good being income that enjoys tax exemptions and low taxes. The bad income is subject to either U.S. or Puerto Rican tax regimes.
Accounting and taxation in Puerto Rico: What is good income?
Good income (i.e., income that can be tax-exempt):
- Contract or service-related income generated on the island
- Capital gains income
- Investment advisory services
- Dividend payments from Puerto Rico-based companies
- Asset management services
- Affiliate marketing activity
- Income generated by an online business
- People who own large quantities of cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin
Bad income (i.e., income that is subject to U.S. or Puerto Rican tax regimes):
- Salary-based income
- Monthly pension benefits
- Traditional Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs)
- Social Security benefits
To benefit from the tax incentives the island offers requires a lifestyle change, as you will have to live in Puerto Rico for the medium- or long-term to qualify for residency. It takes at least six months of living on the island to become a “bona-fide” resident of Puerto Rico.
The Puerto Rican accounting and taxation system is designed in such a way as to deter unscrupulous or opportunistic investors from moving their money in and out of the island’s banks come tax season or using it as a tax shelter without contributing to the island’s economy.
What types of businesses are attracted by favorable accounting and taxation in Puerto Rico?
Much of the island’s tax incentive legislation is aimed at attracting certain kinds of businesses to the territory – namely export services, commerce, and the tech sector. With favorable accounting and taxation in Puerto Rico, authorities hope to turn the island into an international export service and commerce hub.
Businesses and industries that Puerto Rico wants to see more of include:
- Advertising and public relations
- Digital/online marketing
- Corporate Headquarters
- Call Centers
- Financial services
- The creative sector (design, art, music, publications, app development, etc.)
- Software developers
- Education technology companies
- R&D businesses
- Professional services (legal, tax, and accounting services)
A U.S. citizen who becomes a bona fide Puerto Rico resident and moves their business to the island (thus turning its revenues into Puerto Rico-sourced income) may benefit from paying a 4-percent fixed corporate tax rate. In addition, they will be 100 percent exempt from paying property taxes as well as exempt from taxes on dividends.
FAQs on accounting and taxation in Puerto Rico
Based on our extensive experience these are the common questions and doubts from our clients when looking to understand accounting and taxation in Puerto Rico.
The corporate tax rate in Puerto Rico is based on a normal tax and surtax structure, whereby a taxpayer who is not a member of a controlled group, taxable income will be subject to a normal tax of 18.5% and the balance in excess of the $25,000 surtax exemption will be subject to the following surtax:
– $0-$75,000 5%
– $75,001 – $125,000 $3,750 plus 15% of excess over $75,000
– $125,001 – $175,000 $11,250 plus 16% of excess over $125,000
– $175,001 – $225,000 $19,250 plus 17% of excess over $175,000
– $225,001 – $275,000 $27,750 plus 18% of excess over $225,000
– $275,001 – Over $36,750 plus 19% of excess over $275,000
Businesses in Puerto Rico are subject to various taxes, including corporate income tax, sales and use tax (known as IVA), property tax, and other local taxes. The specific tax liabilities of a business can vary based on factors such as its industry, location, and eligibility for tax incentives under Puerto Rico’s tax code. Income taxes are calculated on the difference between revenue minus deductible expenses.
In Puerto Rico, the equivalent of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States is known as the Departamento de Hacienda or the Puerto Rico Department of Treasury. It is responsible for administering tax laws and collecting taxes on the island.
Puerto Rico typically follows the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) for financial reporting.
In Puerto Rico, the equivalent of a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) is known as a Contador Público Autorizado (CPA). A Contador Público Autorizado is a certified professional accountant who is licensed to practice accounting, audit, and taxation services in Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico primarily follows U.S. GAAP for financial reporting. However, some entities in Puerto Rico, especially those under the jurisdiction of the Puerto Rico Financial Oversight and Management Board, may use International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).
Biz Latin Hub can help you with accounting and taxation in Puerto Rico
At Biz Latin Hub, we provide integrated market entry and back-office services throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. Our unrivaled reach means we can support multi-jurisdiction market entries and cross-border operations.
As well as knowledge about accounting and taxation in Puerto Rico, our portfolio of services includes hiring & PEO accounting & taxation, company formation, bank account opening, and corporate legal services.
Contact us today to learn more about how we can assist you in finding top talent or otherwise doing business in Latin America and the Caribbean.If this article on accounting and taxation in Puerto Rico was of interest to you, check out the rest of our coverage of the region. Or read about our team and expert authors.
